Grammar Notes

2023-07-16 11:11:01 Dars #180 Ingliz tilidagi asosiy ko'makchilar (III qism)

before
oldin (vaqt):
We must leave before four oʻclock.
oldin (o'tgan zamonda):
He said he had never seen her before.
yuqori, ustun:
She is so ambitious that she puts her job before her family.
oldida (joy)
The handsome singer had many adoring fans before him.
oldida (kelajak):
The bride smiled as she thought of the happiness before her.
oldida (guvohlik)
I was told to appear before the judge.

behind
orqada (joy):
My friend sits behind me in class.
orqada (aqliy yoki rivojlanish):
Lesson four. Miss Thompson's class is behind the other classes.
orqada (oʻtmishda):
He is rich now; all his financial problems are behind him.

below - pastda (kam)
They have three children below the age of four.
The temperature is below zero.
The author's name was printed below the title.

beneath - tagida
My glasses were beneath the newspaper.

beside - yonida
Please come over here and sit beside me.

besides - -dan tashqari, bilan birga
Besides all of my friends, all of their brothers and sisters are there, too.

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2023-07-15 11:02:01 Dars #179 Ingliz tilidagi asosiy ko'makchilar (II qism)

ahead of - oldida
You are in a hurry; please go ahead of me.
Rick walked on ahead of us.

along - bo'ylab
We walked along the river last night.
The children ran down the bank, over the bridge and along the path.

among (st)
orasida (n):
They camped in the woods among the trees.
I saw a few familiar faces among the crowd.
bir biri bilan, oʻrtalarida, o’rtasida:
The children quarreled among themselves.
He divided the country among his sons

apart from - –dan tashqari, aytmaganda
The room was empty apart from one man seated beside the fire.
Apart from the low salary, it’s not a bad job. (Oylik kamligini aytmaganda, u yomon ish emas.)

around (round) - atrofida, aylanib
We walked around the block.
The earth spins around on its axis as it travels around the sun.

as - sifatida
She is a trained teacher, but she works as a secretary in our office.
I worked as a waiter when I was a student. Most of us did.

Note the difference apart from and except for:
Apart from and except for are multi-word prepositions. Apart from can mean either ‘including’ or ‘excluding’:
Apart from Germany, they also visited Italy and Austria. (including Germany, in addition to Germany)
I like all vegetables apart from tomatoes. (excluding tomatoes)
Apart from Friday, I’ll be in London. (excluding Friday)

Except for or except only mean ‘not including’ or ‘excluding’:
I like all vegetables except for tomatoes. (excluding tomatoes)
Except for Jim, who is unwell, they are all ready to leave for America tomorrow.
She enjoys all sports except swimming.

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2023-07-14 11:00:56 Dars #178 Ingliz tilidagi asosiy ko'makchilar (I qism)

Yuqorida koʻrsatib oʻtilgan universal koʻmakchilardan tashqari ingliz tilida boshqa joy, payt, bog'liqlik va hakozolarni koʻrsatadigan koʻmakchilar mavjud va ularni alifbo tartibida jadval shaklida koʻrib chiqamiz:

about
haqida, oid:
He often talks about his job.
taxminan:
It is about nine oʻclock.
har tarafda, hamma yoqda:
Papers were scattered about the house.
deyarli:
She is about ready.

above
ustida, baland:
Her blood pressure is above normal.
There's a mirror above the washbasin.
yuqoridagi:
Please see the instructions above.
-dan xoli, -ga qoʻli bormaydi .
He may be poor, but he is above stealing.

across
boʻylab:
The girl ran across the yard.
narigi tarafda:
My friend lives across the street.
qarshisida:
My assistant's office is across from mine.

after
keyin:
The reception is after the wedding ceremony.
orqasidan:
The cat ran after the mouse.
tufayli, sababli:
He was mad at her after her behavior at the party.
uslubida:
The school play was a drama after Shakespeare.
qaramasdan:
They never got married, after dating for years.
davomiylikni bildirish uchun
Life got harder year after year.

against
suyanib, urilib, tegib
The man was leaning against his car.
qarshi
Stealing is against the law.

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2023-07-13 11:00:00 Dars #177 by ko'makchisining ishlatilishi

by koʻmakchisi ingliz tilida juda koʻp holatlarda ishlatiladi. Ulardan biri ish harakatning qay tarzda yoki nima orqali amalga oshirilganligini koʻrsatish hisoblanadi.
send something by post - pochta orqali yubormoq
do something by hand - qoʻlda bajarmoq
pay by cheque - chek bilan toʻlamoq
pay by credit card - kredit karta bilan toʻlamoq
by mistake - adashib
by accident/by chance - tasodifan
Did you pay by cheque or in cash?
We hadn't arranged to meet. We met by chance.

Transport vositasida sahoyat qilish degan ma'nodagi birikmalarda ham by koʻmakchisi juda faol qoʻllaniladi.
by car by plane by train by boat by ship by bus by bicycle by road by rail by air by sea by Underground

Ammo piyoda (yurmoq/bormoq) degan iborada on koʻmakchisi qoʻllaniladi (on foot):
Did you come here by car or on foot?

Yuqoridagi birikmalarda by koʻmakchisidan keyin hech qanday artikl qoʻyilmasligiga alohida e'tibor berish lozim.
by car lekin in a/the car
by train lekin on a/the train

by koʻmakchisi mahjul nisbatdagi gaplarda tomonidan degan ma'noda qoʻllaniladi:
The programme was watched by millions of people.

Ammo majhul nisbatdagi gapda ish-harakat bajaruvchisini emas, bajarish vositasini (buyum) koʻrsatmoqchi boʻlsak, with koʻmakchisi qoʻllaniladi.
The door must have been opened with a key.
The door must have been opened by somebody with a key.

by koʻmakchisi badiiy va san'at asarlarida muallifni koʻrsatish uchun qoʻllaniladi.
a play by Shakespeare
a novel by Tolstoy
a painting by Rembrandt

by koʻmakchisi yonida degan ma'noda ham qoʻllaniladi.
Where is the light switch?
By the door.

Miqdor va masofani bildirishda ham by koʻmakchisi -ga degan ma'noda qoʻllanishi mumkin:
Clare's salary has gone up from 1000 pounds a month to 1100 pounds. So it has been increased by ten percent.
Petrol is sold by the liter.

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2023-07-12 11:02:01 Dars #176 in/on/at ko'makchilarining boshqa so'zlar bilan ishlatilishi

Sayohat, xizmat safari, dengiz sayohatiga chiqish degan ma'nolarda to be/go fe'llari bilan quyidagi koʻmakchili birikmalar qoʻllaniladi.
on holiday - ta'tilda (-ga)
on business - ish boʻyicha/bilan
on a trip - safarga
on a tour - ekskursiya/turga
on a cruise - dengiz sayohatida
Did you go to Germany on holiday or on business?
Tom is away at the moment. He is on holiday in France.

Ta'tilga chiqish/ta'tilga ketish birikmasida joy nomi oldin qoʻllanilsa, for koʻmakchisi qoʻllanishi lozim.
Tom has gone to France for a holiday.

On koʻmakchisi bilan qoʻllaniladigan birikmalarga misollar:
on television - televizorda
on the radio - radioda
on the Internet - internetda
on the phone/telephone - telefonda
on strike - ish tashlashda
on a diet - parhezda
on fire - yong'in ostida
on the whole - umuman
on purpose - ataylab, joʻrttaga
I didn't watch the news on television, I heard it on the radio.
You can't phone me. I am not on the phone.
I have put on a lot of weight. I will have to go on a diet.
Look! That car is on fire!

In koʻmakchisi bilan qoʻllaniladigan birikmalarga misollar:
in the rain - yomg'irda
in the sun(shine) - quyoshda
in the shade - soyada
in the dark - qorong'uda
in (bad/good) weather - yomon/yaxshi ob-havoda
in ink - siyohda
in biro - sharikli ruchkada
in pencil - qalamda
in words - soʻzlar bilan
in figures - raqamlar bilan
in block letters - bosma harflarda
in cash - naqd pulda
in love - sevishgan
in (my) opinion - fikri(m)cha
in general - umuman
We sat in the shade. It was too hot to sit in the sun.

At koʻmakchisi bilan qoʻllaniladigan birikmalarga misollar:
at a speed of… - ... tezlikda
at the age of… - ... yoshida
at the temperature of… - ... darajadagi temperaturada
The train was travelling at a speed of 120 miles an hour.

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2023-07-11 11:08:01 Dars #175 to/in/into/at ko'makchilarining fe'llar bilan ishlatilishi

to koʻmakchisi yoʻnalishni bildiruvchi fe'llar (go/come/walk/travel) bilan qoʻllanilib, oʻzbek tilida joʻnalish kelishigi qoʻshimchasi (-ga) ma'nosini beradi.
go to America
return to Italy
drive to the airport
go to bed
go to a concert
take sb to hospital
come to my house
be sent to prison
on my way to …
a journey to …
a trip to …
welcome to ...
After the accident three people were taken to hospital.
Welcome to our country, dear guests!

Qiyoslash uchun:
in koʻmakchisi oʻrin-joyni bildiradi.
They live in France. (Fransiyada)
to koʻmakchisi harakat yoʻnalishini bildiradi.
They are going to France. (Fransiyaga)

biror joyga yetib bormoq degan ma'noni berish uchun to get fe'li bilan to koʻmakchisi, to arrive fe'li bilan in yoki at koʻmakchilari qoʻllaniladi.
What time did they get to London?

to arrive fe'li qanday joyga yetib borishga qarab koʻmakchilarni oʻzgartiradi:
arrive in a country/city/town:
When did they arrive in London/in Britain?
arrive at a hotel/the airport/a party/work:
What time did they arrive at the party?

home soʻzi oldidan harakat yoʻnalishini bildiruvchi koʻmakchilar (to/into) qoʻllanilmaydi:
go home
come home
arrive home
get home
on the way home
I'm tired. Let's go home.

into koʻmakchisi ichiga, ichkariga degan ma'noda yoʻnalish-harakatni bildiruvchi fe'llar bilan qoʻllaniladi.
A bird flew into the kitchen through the window.

to enter fe'lidan keyin hech qanday yoʻnalishni bildiruvchi koʻmakchi qoʻllanilmaydi.
Don't enter the room. (enter into the room emas)

into koʻmakchisining qarama-qarshisi out of koʻmakchisi hisoblanadi:
She got out of the car and went into the shop.

Mashina (avtomobil)ga minish/ mashinadan tushish degan birikmalarda ham into/out of koʻmakchilari qoʻllaniladi.
When the taxi stopped, a man got out of the car, and a woman got into it.

Avtobus (samolyot/poyezd/tramvay)ga minish/ avtobusdan tushish degan birikmalarda on/off koʻmakchilari qoʻllaniladi.
She got on the bus and I never saw her again.

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2023-07-10 11:03:01 Dars #174 in/at/on ko'makchilari joy (makonni) bildiruvchi birikmalarida (III)

Mazkur darsda in/at/on bilan qoʻllaniladigan maxsus birikmalarni koʻrib chiqamiz.
in bed
at work
at school
in prison
at home
at university
in hospital
at college
at sea
Mark isn't up yet. He's still in bed.
I'll be at work until 5.30 but I'll be at home all evening.

at sea dengiz sayohatida va in the sea dengizda birikmalarini qiyoslaymiz:
It was a long voyage. We were at sea for 30 days. (Dengiz sayohatida 30 kun boʻldik)
I love swimming in the sea. (Dengizda suzishni yoqtiraman.)

Biror tadbir yoki marosimda boʻlish ham at koʻmakchisi bilan ifodalanadi:
at a party
at a football match
at a meeting
at a concert
at a funeral
Were there many people at the party/at the meeting?
I saw Jack at the football match.

Binolar oldidan qoʻllanilganda in va at koʻmakchilar bir-biri oʻrnida qoʻllanishi mumkin. Masalan, in a restaurant va at a restaurant birikmalari bir xil ma'no beradi. Ba'zida esa biroz farq bor: bino biror tadbir yoki marosim sodir boʻladigan joy sifatida tushunilganda at koʻmakchisi, binoning oʻzi nazarda tutilganda in koʻmakchisi ishlatilgani ma'qul.
The film I want to see is showing at the Odeon cinema. (kinoteatr kino ko'radigan joy)
I enjoyed the film but it was very cold in the cinema. (kinoteatr bino)

Jamoat binolarida, birovning uyida boʻlmoq degan ma'nolarda ham at koʻmakchisi qoʻllaniladi.
at the station
at the airport
at the doctor's
at the hairdresser's
at Judy's/at Tom's
Don't meet me at the station. I can get a taxi.
I was at Judy's house/at Judy's last night.

Biz shaharlar, shaharcha va qishloqlar oldidan in koʻmakchisini qoʻllaymiz.
The Louvre is a famous art museum in Paris.

Ammo yoʻlda toʻxtab oʻtish joyi sifatida tushunilganda at yoki in qoʻllanishi mumkin.
Do you know if this train stops at (in) Nottingham?

Transport vositalariga kelganda asosan in/on koʻmakchilari ishlatiladi.

in koʻmakchisi asosan car/taxi soʻzlari bilan qoʻllaniladi: in a car/in a taxi/in Tom's car
George arrived in a taxi.

on koʻmakchisi jamoat transportlari (bus/tram/train/plane/ship/boat va hakozolar) bilan qoʻllaniladi: on a bus/on a ship/ on a plane
There were a lot of people on the bus.

on koʻmakchisi, shuningdek horse/bike/bicycle/motorcycle soʻzlari bilan qoʻllaniladi: on a horse/on a motorcycle
Mary passed me on her bicycle.

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2023-07-09 13:00:00 Dars #173 in/at/on ko'makchilari joy (makonni) bildiruvchi birikmalarida (II)

in koʻmakchisi -da degan ma'noda quyidagi birikmalarda ham qoʻllaniladi.
in the world
in the sky/in space
in a city/street
in a line/row/queue
in a picture
in a magazine
in a mirror
in a book
in a letter
in a photograph
in a newspaper
in an armchair
When I go to the cinema, I prefer to sit in the front row.
Who is the woman in that photograph?

on koʻmakchisi quyidagi birikmalarda -da degan ma'noda qoʻllaniladi.
on the ground/first floor
on the map
on a list
on the right/left
on the menu
on a farm
In Britain you should drive on the left. (on the left-hand side)
Have you ever worked on a farm? (in a farm emas)

Biror shahar ichidan daryo kesib oʻtgan boʻlsa, on koʻmakchisi qoʻllaniladi.
London is on the river Thames.

Shunga oʻxshash holat on the road yoʻlda, on the coast sohilida degan birikmalarda ham kuzatiladi.
Portsmouth is on the south coast of England.

on the way birikmasi ketayotib, yoʻl-yolakay ustida degan ma'noda qoʻllaniladi.
We stopped at a small village on the way to London.

corner - burchak soʻzi bilan xonaning burchagi degan ma'noda in, koʻchalar kesishgan joydagi burchak degan ma'noda at yoki on koʻmakchilari bilan qoʻllaniladi.
The television is in the corner of the room.
There is a public telephone at/on the corner of the street.

Quyidagi vaziyatlarda back/front so'zlari bilan in/at/on ko'makchilarini ishlatilishiga e'tibor bering:

Mashinaning oldi oʻrindig'i yoki orqa oʻrindig'i degan ma'nolarda in koʻmakchisi qoʻllaniladi (in the front/in the back of the car).
I was sitting in the back (of the car) when we crashed.

Odamlar guruhi yoki binoning oldingi qismida degan ma'noda at koʻmakchisi qoʻllaniladi.
The garden is at the back of the house.
I was standing at the back, so I couldn't see very well. (odamlarning orqasida)

Xat yoki qog'ozning oldi yoki orqa tarafida degan ma'nolarda esa on koʻmakchisi qoʻllaniladi (on the front/on the back of a letter/an envelope) .
Write your name on the back of this envelope.

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2023-07-08 11:01:15 Dars #172 in/at/on ko'makchilari joy (makonni) bildiruvchi birikmalarida (I)

in koʻmakchisi ichida, -da degan ma'nolarda narsa-buyum joy, hudud ichida joylashganini bildirib keladi.
in a room
in a box
in a town
in a country
in a river
in a building
in a garden
in a city
in your mouth
in a pool
There is no-one in the room/in the building/in the garden. (xonada/binoda/bog'da)
What have you got in your hand/in your mouth?
Look at those people swimming in the pool/in the sea/in the river.

at koʻmakchisi yonida, -da degan ma'nolarda predment biror bir nuqtada (manzilda) joylashganini bildirib keladi.
at the bus-stop
at the door
at the top of …
at reception
at the roundabout
at the window
at the gate
at the bottom of ...
at the traffic lights
at the church
Who is that man standing at the bus-stop/at the door/at the gate? (avtobus bekatida/eshikda/darvozada)
Turn left at the traffic lights/at the church/at the roundabout.
When you leave the hotel, please leave your key at reception.

Yashash manzillari ham at koʻmakchisi qoʻllaniladi. Lekin ko'cha aniq manzilsiz berilsa, in ko'makchisi qo'llaniladi
I live at Fox Street 34. (but I live in Fox Street)

on koʻmakchisi ustida, -da degan ma'nolarda narsa-buyum yoki shaxsni biror predmet ustida joylashganligini bildirib keladi.
on the wall
on the door
on the floor
on a page
on the beach
on the ceiling
on the table
on her nose
on an island
on a chair
I sat on the floor/on the grass/on the ground/on a chair/on the beach.
Have you seen the notice on the notice-board/on the door/on the blackboard.

in va at koʻmakchilarini qiyoslaymiz:
There were a lot of people in the shop. It was very crowded. (doʻkon ichida)
Go along this road, then turn left at the shop. (doʻkon yonidan)

in va on koʻmakchilarini qiyoslaymiz:
There is some water in the bottle. (shisha ichida suv bor)
There is a label on the bottle. (shisha ustida belgi bor)

at va on koʻmakchilarini qiyoslaymiz:
There is somebody at the door. Shall I go and see who it is? (eshik yonida)
There is a notice on the door. It says 'Don't disturb'. (eshikda)

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2023-07-07 11:00:00 Dars #171 at the end va in the end birikmalarining farqi

at the end birikmasi of soʻzi bilan kelib otga bog'lanadi va biror narsaning yoki muddatning oxirida degan ma'noda qoʻllaniladi.
at the end of the film
at the end of January
at the end of the match
at the end of the month
at the end of the course
at the end of the concert
I am going to Tashkent at the end of the month.(oyning oxirida)
At the end of the concert, there was great applause. (Konsert oxirida gulduros qarsaklar chalindi)

at the end of+noun birikmasining qarama-qarshi ma'nosini at the beginning of+noun (boshida) birikmasi bera oladi.
I am going to Tashkent at the beginning of the month. (oyning boshida)

in the end birikmasi oxiri, nihoyat, oxirida degan ma'noda ingliz tilida turg'un birikma hisoblanadi va ravish sifatida qoʻllaniladi.
We had a lot of problems with our car. We sold it in the end. (Mashinamiz bilan muammo ko'p bo'lardi. Biz uni oxiri sotib yubordik)
Jim couldn't decide where to go for his holidays. He didn't go anywhere in the end. (Jim ta'tilda qayerga borishga qaror qilolmadi. Oxirida, hech qayerga bormadi)

in the end birikmasining qarama-qarshi ma'nosini at first boshida, dastlab birikmasi bera oladi.
At first we didn't like each other very much, but in the end we became good friends.

Yuqoridagilardan xulosa qiladigan boʻlsak, in the end of+noun birikmasini qoʻllash xato hisoblanadi. Uning oʻrniga har doim at the end of+noun birikmasini qoʻllash lozim.
All the players shook hands at the end of the match. (in the end of the match emas)

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