2023-06-27 11:00:00
Dars #161 Gradable and non-gradable adjectives (nisbiy va nisbiy bo'lmagan sifatlar)
Bugungi darsimizda ko'pchilik uchun yangi bo'lgan ma'lumotlarni bo'lishmoqchiman. Kanal a'zolaridan
ba'zi sifat va ravishlarning qiyosiy va orttirma darajasi bormi, bor bo'lsa qanday shaklda bo'ladi degan savollar tushadi. Bugungi postimda mazkur savollarga javob bermoqchiman, ya'ni ingliz tilida
qiyosiy va orttirma darajasi yasalmaydigan sifat va ravishlar ham borligi haqida ma'lumot bermoqchiman.
Ingliz tilida darajalanishi mumkin bo'lgan, ya'ni qiyosiy va orttirma darajasi mavjud bo'lgan sifat va ravishlar
gradable (difficult, important, happy, tired), darajalana olmaydigan sifat va ravishlar
non-gradable (impossible,essential, alive, exhausted, wrong) deb ataladi.
Masalan, biz ingliz tilida
'more impossible' degan iborani ishlata olmaymiz, o'zbek tilida ham
'ilojsizroq' degan sifat g'aliz eshitilsa kerak.
Non-gradable sifat va ravishlarda
o'zi biror belgi to'liq mavjud bo'ladi va ularning darajasini berib bo'lmaydi. Yana bir misol
alive -
tirik so'zi, bu sifatdan qiyosiy daraja hosil qilib, biz '
more alive - tirikroq' deyishimiz xato bo'ladi, chunki jonzot yo o'lik yo tirik bo'lishi mumkin.
Gradable- so'zini
nisbiy deb tarjima qilib,
gradable adjective birikmasini
nisbiy sifatlar deb berishimiz mumkin. Demak, nisbiy sifatlarni
qiyosiy va orttirma darajasi mavjud bo'lishidan tashqari, ular oldidan quyidagi
daraja-miqdor ravishlarini ishlatilishi mumkin.
a bit, dreadfully, extremely, hugely, immensely, intensely, rather, reasonably, slightly, very angry, big, busy, clever, common, different, fast, friendly, happy, important, low, popular, quiet, rich, strong, weak, young
She was
extremely rich.
It’s
hugely popular.
The people there are
reasonably friendly.
They're
slightly different.
Non-gradable adjectives - y'ani nisbiy bo'lmagan sifatlar darajalana olmaydi va ularning oldidan
'very, extremely' daraja-miqdor ravishlarini ishlatilib bo'lmaydi. Vaholanki, nisbiy bo'lmagan sifatlar oldidan faqat
to'liq, butunlay degan ma'nodagi
absolutely, completely so'zlarini ishlatilishimiz mumkin.
absolutely, completely, entirely, perfectly, practically, simply, totally, utterly, virtually; almost, exclusively, fully, largely, mainly, nearly, primarily awful, excellent, huge, impossible, superb, terrible, unique, unknown, wrong; domestic, environmental, agricultural
Ko'pgina biror narsaning turini bildirishda ishlatiladigan sifatlar nisbiy bo'lmagan sifatlar hisoblanadi va ularning qiyosiy va orttirma darajalari mavjud emas:
atomic, chemical, digital, domestic, environmental, medical; general, occasional, northern
Ba'zi sifatlar ma'no o'zgarishiga qarab, nisbiy va nisbiy bo'lmagan sifatlarga o'zgarishi mumkin.
Smith is a very
common name.
(= frequently found; gradable, ko'p uchraydigan degan ma'noda)
We have a lot of
common interests.
(= shared; non-gradable; umumiy degan ma'noda)
The house is
very old.
(= existed many years; gradable eski ma'nosida)
I met my
old politics professor the other day.
(= former; non-gradable; avvalgi degan ma'noda)
Yuqoridagidek ishlatiladigan sifatlarga misollar:
civil, clean, critical, electric (= ‘exciting’ when gradable), empty, false, late, odd, original, particular, straight
Demak darsning oxirida Sizga mavzuni tushunganingizni aniqlash maqsadida savol beraman.
Ingliz tilida
'very impossible' deyish mumkinmi? - Ha, - Yo'q
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