Dars #177 by ko'makchisining ishlatilishi by koʻmakchisi in | Grammar Notes

Dars #177 by ko'makchisining ishlatilishi

by koʻmakchisi ingliz tilida juda koʻp holatlarda ishlatiladi. Ulardan biri ish harakatning qay tarzda yoki nima orqali amalga oshirilganligini koʻrsatish hisoblanadi.
send something by post - pochta orqali yubormoq
do something by hand - qoʻlda bajarmoq
pay by cheque - chek bilan toʻlamoq
pay by credit card - kredit karta bilan toʻlamoq
by mistake - adashib
by accident/by chance - tasodifan
Did you pay by cheque or in cash?
We hadn't arranged to meet. We met by chance.

Transport vositasida sahoyat qilish degan ma'nodagi birikmalarda ham by koʻmakchisi juda faol qoʻllaniladi.
by car by plane by train by boat by ship by bus by bicycle by road by rail by air by sea by Underground

Ammo piyoda (yurmoq/bormoq) degan iborada on koʻmakchisi qoʻllaniladi (on foot):
Did you come here by car or on foot?

Yuqoridagi birikmalarda by koʻmakchisidan keyin hech qanday artikl qoʻyilmasligiga alohida e'tibor berish lozim.
by car lekin in a/the car
by train lekin on a/the train

by koʻmakchisi mahjul nisbatdagi gaplarda tomonidan degan ma'noda qoʻllaniladi:
The programme was watched by millions of people.

Ammo majhul nisbatdagi gapda ish-harakat bajaruvchisini emas, bajarish vositasini (buyum) koʻrsatmoqchi boʻlsak, with koʻmakchisi qoʻllaniladi.
The door must have been opened with a key.
The door must have been opened by somebody with a key.

by koʻmakchisi badiiy va san'at asarlarida muallifni koʻrsatish uchun qoʻllaniladi.
a play by Shakespeare
a novel by Tolstoy
a painting by Rembrandt

by koʻmakchisi yonida degan ma'noda ham qoʻllaniladi.
Where is the light switch?
By the door.

Miqdor va masofani bildirishda ham by koʻmakchisi -ga degan ma'noda qoʻllanishi mumkin:
Clare's salary has gone up from 1000 pounds a month to 1100 pounds. So it has been increased by ten percent.
Petrol is sold by the liter.

If you want to do some good to your friends just share this post @grammarnotes #2023 #newlessons
Kanalga qo'shiling https://t.me/joinchat/AAAAAFe2P5bFTJKJKkwvyA