Grammar Notes

2023-06-14 12:01:55 Dars #148 Ingliz tilida it so'zining ishlatilishi II qism

Avvalgi darsda biz 'it' so'zining gapda nominal ega sifatida ishlatishini o'rgangan edik. Bugungi darsda mazkur so'zning nominal to'ldiruvchi sifatida ishlatilishini o'rganamiz. Bu holatda 'it' so'zi tarjima qilinmaydi va mustaqil ma'nosi yo'q.

Mazkur holat gapning to'ldiruvchisi murakkab to'ldiruvchi (infinitivli) yoki gapdan (clause) iborat bo'lganda va mazkur gaplarda sifat ishlatilganda uchraydi. Masalan, 'I find to talk to you difficult' gapiga qaraganda ingliz tilida 'I find it difficult to talk to you' gapi tabiiyroq hisoblanadi.
Odatiy qurilma: subject+verb+it+complement+infinitive/clause
We found it tiring to listen to him.
My blister made it a problem to walk.
I thought it strange that she hadn't written.
George made it clear what he wanted.

Mazkur qurilma fe'ldan keyin sifat yoki otli birikma kelmasa ishlatilmaydi.
I cannot bear to see people crying. ( I cannot bear it to see people crying emas)
I remember that we were very happy. (I remember it that ... emas)

I like/love/hate it when + gap qurilmalari ham mavjud.
I love it when you sing.

I take it that ... (I assume that) 'o'ylashimcha, taxminimcha' degan gapda ham 'it' so'zi nominal to'ldiruvchi sifatida ishtirok etadi.
I take it that you won't be working tomorrow.

Mazkur qoidalar gapda gerundiy kelgan holatlarda ham ishlatilishi mumkin.
I found it strange being in her house.

'it' so'zi 'I would appreciate it if...' gapida ham nominal to'ldiruvchi bo'lib keladi oladi.
I would appreciate it if you would keep me informed.

'owe' va 'leave' fe'llari qatnashgan 'owe it to somebody to...' va 'leave it to somebody to ...' birikmalarida ham 'it' so'zi qatnashadi.
We owe it to society to make our country a better place.
I'll leave it to you to decide.

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2023-06-13 11:01:05 Dars #147 Ingliz tilida it so'zining ishlatilishi I qism

Bugungi darsimizda it so'zining o'ziga xos tarzda gap boshida nominal ega bo'lib ishlatilishini o'rganamiz. Nominal ega tarjima qilinmaydi, faqat gapni uslubiy jihatdan qulay qilish uchun ishlatiladi.
Agar gapning egasi to infinitiv bo'lsa, u gapning boshida kelishi uslubiy jihatdan uncha qulay emas, shuning uchun bunday gaplarni 'it' so'zi bilan boshlagan ma'qul.
It's nice to talk to you. (To talk to you is nice gapiga qaraganda tabiiyroq)
It was good of you to phone. (Telefon qilganingiz yaxshi bo'ldi - aslida bu gapda ega telefon qilganingiz, ammo uslubiy jihatdan gap qulay bo'lishi uchun gap boshida it qo'llanilgan. It so'zi bu yerda tarjima qilinmaydi va mustaqil ma'nosi yoq )
It was stupid of you to leave the door unlocked.
It's important to book in advance.
It's my ambition to run a three-hour marathon.
It was pleasure to listen to her.
It upsets me to hear people arguing all the time.

'it' so'zi for+to'ldiruvchi+infinitiv qurilmalarilari gapning egasi bo'lib kelganda, nominal ega bo'lib, gap boshida kelishi mumkin.
It will suit me best for you to arrive at about ten o'clock.
It's essential for the papers to be ready before Thursday.

'it' so'zi boshqa bir gap gapning egasi bo'lib kelganida nominal ega sifatida ham ishlatiladi.
It's probable that we'll be a little late.
It doesn't interest me what you think.
It's surprising how many unhappy marriages there are.
It's exciting when a baby starts talking.

'it' so'zi gerundiy bilan ifodalangan gapning egasi qatnashgan gaplarda ham nominal ega bo'lib kelishi mumkin. Bu holat odatda norasmiy uslubga xos.
It was nice seeing you.
It's crazy her going off like that.
It's worth going to Wales if you have the time.
It's no use trying to explain - I'm not interested.
It surprised me your not remembering my name.

'it' so'zi take fe'li bilan ishlatilganda biror ish-harakatga qancha vaqt ketishini bildirish uchun ishlatiladi.
It took me months to get to know her.
How long does it take to get to London from here?

if, as if va as though bilan ishlatilganda 'it' so'zi kirish gapni bildirib keladi.
It looks as if we're going to have trouble with Ann again.
It's not as if this was the first time she's been difficult.
It will be a pity if we have to ask her to leave.
But it looks as though we may have to.

'it' so'zi 'cleft sentences' larda who va that bilan kelgan gaplarda gaping biror bo'lagiga urg'u berish uchun ishlatiladi.
It was my aunt who took Peter to London yesterday, not my mother. (my auntga urg'u berilmoqda)
It was Peter that my aunt took to London yesterday, not Lucy. (Peterga urg'u berilmoqda)

Odatda otli birikmalar bilan 'it' so'zi nominal ega bo'lib kelmaydi.
The new concert hall is wonderful. (It's wonderful the new concert hall emas)

Lekin norasmiy uslubda 'it' so'zi ot+relative clause kelgan gapga nominal ega bo'lishi mumkin.
It's wonderful the enthusiasm that the children show.

Bunday qurilmalarda 'the way' so'zi keng qo'llaniladi.
It's amazing the way (that) they work together.
It's strange the way you know what I'm thinking.

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2023-06-12 11:01:53 Dars #146 Ingliz tilida whoever, whatever va boshqa so'zlarning ishlatilishi II qism

whoever, whichever va whatever so'zlari gapda ega yoki to'ldiruvchi bo'lib kelishi mumkin. Zamonaviy ingliz tilida whomever so'zi ishlatilmaydi.
Whoever directed this film, it's no good. (Whoever gapning egasi)
Whoever you marry, make sure he can cook. (Whoever marry fe'lining to'ldiruvchisi)
Whatever you say, I don't think he's the right man. (Whatever say fe'lining to'ldiruvchisi)

whichever va whatever so'zlari xohlagan, nimaiki, har qanday degan ma'nolarda aniqlovchi bo'lib ot oldidan kelishi ham mumkin.
Whichever room you use, make sure you clean it up afterwards. (Xohlagan xona ... )
Whatever problems you have, you can always come to me for help. (Nimaiki, har qanday muammo chiqqanida ... )
If you change your mind for whatever reason, just let me know. (Har qanday sabab bo'yicha...)

whoever, whatever, whichever va whatever bilan kelgan gaplar gapda ega yoki to'ldiruvchi bo'lib kelishi mumkin va ikkinchi gapdagi kesim bilan moslashadi.
Whoever told you that was lying. (was lying fe'lining egasi)
I'll marry whoever I like. (marry fe'lining to'ldiruvchisi)
Whichever climber gets to the top first will get a $5000 prize. (will get fe'lining egasi)
I'll take whichever tent you're not using. (take fe'lining to'ldiruvchisi)
Whatever you want is fine with me. ( is fe'lining egasi)
Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given. (eat fe'lining to'ldiruvchisi)

whenever so'zi takroriylikni bildirish maqsadida 'har safar, har gal' degan ma'noda ishlatiladi.
Whenever I see you I feel nervous.
I stay with Monica whenever I go to London.

Mazkur so'zlar bilan may modal fe'li bilan ishlatilganida beparvolik yoki noaniqlikni bildirib keladi.
He's written a book on the philosopher Matilda Vidmi, whoever she may be.
She's just written to me from Llandyfrdwy, wherever that may be.

whatever so'zi bilan kelgan gaplarda to be fe'li tushib qoldirilishi mumkin.
Whatever his problems, he has no right to behave like that. (=Whatever his problems are)
A serious illness, whatever its nature, is almost always painful. (= whatever its nature is)

however+adjective birikmalarida to be fe'li bilan olmoshni ham tushirib qoldirish mumkin.
A grammar rule, however true (it is), is useless unless it can be understood.

Norasmiy uslubda, mazkur so'zlar qisqa javob sifatida ishlatilishi mumkin.
When shall we start? - Whenever. (=Whenever you like)
Potatoes or rice? - Whichever. (=I don't mind)

Whatever so'zi bilan javob berilganda odatda 'menga farqi yoq' degan ma'noda qo'pol eshitilishi mumkin.
What would you like to? We could go and see a film, or go swimming. - Whatever.

whatever or so'zi bilan ishlatilganda boshqasi, boshqa tanlov degan ma'noni bildirishi mumkin.
Would you like some orange juice or a beer or whatever?
If you play football or tennis or whatever, it does take up a lot of time.

whatever so'zi any va no so'zlaridan keyin qo'llanilganda 'umuman' degan m'ano berishi mumkin.
Don't you have any regrets whatever? (Umuman pushaymonliging yoqmi?)
I can see no point whatever in buying it. (Buni sotib olishda umuman ma'no ko'rmayapman)

Bu qurilmada 'whatsoever' so'zi rasmiy gaplarda ishlatilishi mumkin.

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2023-06-10 11:02:00 Dars #145 Ingliz tilida whoever, whatever va boshqa so'zlarning ishlatilishi I qism

whoever - kim bo'lsa ham, kimki, xohlagan shaxs degan ma'nolarda ishlatilib, biror ish-harakatni amalga oshirgan xohlagan bir shaxsni nazarda tutish uchun ishlatiladi.
There's a reward for whoever finishes first.

whatever (nima bo'lsa ham), whichever (qaysi (biri) bo'lsa ham), however (qanday qilib bo'lsa ham), whenever (qachon bo'lsa ham) va wherever (qayerga (-da) bo'lsa ham) so'zlari ham shunday 'ochiq, cheklanmagan' doirani bildirib keladi.

Mazkur so'zlar ikki xil vazifa: nisbiy olmosh yoki ravish sifatida yohud bog'lovchi sifatida o'zidan keyingi gapni ergashtirib kelish uchun ishlatiladi.
whoever - kim, kim bo'lsa ham, xohlagan odam
Whoever phoned just now was very polite.
I'm not opening the door, whoever you are.
Send it to whoever pays the bill.

whatever - nimaiki, nima bo'lsa ham, xohlagan narsa
Whatever you do, I'll always love you.
Whatever is in that box is making a very funny noise.
Keep calm, whatever happens.
Spend the money on whatever you like.

whichever - qaysi biri bo'lsa ham, xohlagan
Whichever of them you marry, you'll have problems.
We're free all next week. You'll be welcome whichever day you come.

however - qanchalik, qanday qilib bo'lsa ham
However much he eats, he never gets fat.
People always want more, however rich they are.
However you travel, it'll take you at least three days.

however so'zlari bilan ravish (much) va sifat (rich) so'zlarining ishlatilishiga e'tibor bering.

whenever - qachonki, har qachon, qachon bo'lsa ham.
Whenever I go to London I try to see Vicky.
You can come whenever you like. (= whichever day)

wherever - qayerda (qayerga) bo'lsa ham, har qanday (qulay) holatda
Wherever you go, you'll find Coca-Cola.
We can go wherever you like.
Wherever possible I use honey instead of sugar.

Mazkur so'zlarning 'ever' so'z ajratilgan holda ishlatilish holatlari ham uchraydi. Mazkur holatda ular taajjublanish yoki tushunmovchilikni ifodalash uchun ishlatiladi.
Who ever is that strange girl with Roger? (Kim o'zi... degan ma'noda)
What ever are you doing? ( Sen o'zi nima qilyapsan?)
How ever did you manage to start the car? I couldn't. (Siz o'zi qanday qilib mashinani yurgizdingiz?)
When ever will I have time to write some letters? (Menda o'zi qachon vaqt bo'ladi ...?)
Why ever did I marry you? (Men o'zi nimaga senga uylandim (turmushga chiqdim)?)

Mazkur ma'noda ever so'zi qo'shib yozilishi ham mumkin (whoever, whatever), lekin whose va which so'zlari ever bilan bunday ma'noda ishlatilmaydi.

Norasmiy uslubda 'ever' so'zi o'rnida on earth, the hell (AmE) so'zlari ishlatilishi mumkin.
Who on earth is that strange girl?
Why the hell did I marry you?

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2023-06-09 11:00:24 Dars #144 Ingliz tilida so'roq olmoshlari (who, what, which)

Bugungi darsimizda what, which, who so'roq olmoshlarining ishlatilishini o'rganamiz. Olmosh bo'yicha oldingi darslarimizda bu olmoshlar haqida juda qisqa ma'lumot berilgan edi, shuning uchun mazkur darsda ularni kengroq yoritishga qaror qildim.

what va which olmoshlarining o'zlari yolg'iz qo'llanishida muammo yoq, ya'ni what - nima, which - qaysi (biri) degan ma'noda ishlatiladi.
What are you doing?
Which is mine? The smaller one?

Ko'pchilikni qiynaydigan holat - what va which olmoshlarining otlar bilan yoki otlar o'rnida ishlatilganda qay biri qo'llanishini aniqlashdir. Umumiy qoidaga ko'ra, bu olmoshlar bir-birining o'rnida qo'llanishi mumkin.
Which/What is the hottest city in the world?
Which/What train did you come on?
Which/What people have influenced you most in your life?

Lekin cheklangan miqdordagi tanlovlar bo'lganda which olmoshini ishlatish afzal ko'riladi.
We've got white or brown bread. Which will you have?
Which size do you want - small, medium or large?

Agar cheklangan miqdor nazarda tutilmasa, what olmoshi qo'llaniladi.
What language do they speak in Greenland?
What's your phone number?

Otlar bilan qo'llanilganda what va which olmoshlari insonlar va narsalar haqida ma'lumot so'rash uchun ishlatilishi mumkin. Bunday holatlarda which - qaysi, what - qanday deb tarjima qilinadi.
Which teacher do you like best?
Which colour do you want - green, red, yellow or brown?
What writers do you like?
What colour are your baby's eyes?

Boshqa aniqlovchi so'zlar (the, my, these) yoki olmoshlar bilan ishlatilganda faqat 'which of + ... qurilmasi ishlatiladi. Who va what bunday 'of'li birikmalarda ishlatilmaydi.
Which of your teachers do you like best? (Who/What of your teachers ...? emas)
Which of us is going to do the washing up? (Who of us...? emas)
Which of these coats is yours? (What of these ... ? emas)

Ma'lumki, who olmoshi insonlar uchun yakka holda izidan ot yoki boshqa olmosh kelmagan holatlarda qo'llaniladi.
Who won - Smith or Fitzgibbon? (Which won ... emas?)
Who are you going out with - Lesley or Maria?

Lekin which yoki what yakka holda insonlar uchun shaxsning kimligini aniqlashitirish uchun (which) yoki kasbini (vazifasini) so'rash uchun (what) ishlatilishi mumkin.
Which is your husband? - The one in jeans.
So Janet is the Managing Director. What is Peter?

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2023-06-08 11:00:40 Dars #143 Qo'shimcha ma'lumot beruvchi relative clause

Avvalgi mavzularda gapning biror boʻlagini izohlab keladigan relative clause haqida soʻz yuritgan edik. Bu holatlarda ular qaysi shaxs, narsa, joy haqida gap ketayotganligini aniqlash uchun xizmat qiladi.
The man who lives next door is very kind. (...who lives next door gapi relative clause va qaysi kishi nazarda tutilganini aniqlab keladi.)
Garry works for a company which makes typewriters. (...which makes typewriters gapi relative clause hisoblanadi va qanday kompaniya nazarda tutilganini aniqlab kelmoqda.)

Endi boshqa turdagi relative clause koʻrib chiqamiz. Bu holatda relative clause bizga ma'lum boʻlgan shaxs, narsa, joylar haqida qoʻshimcha ma'lumot beradi va vergul bilan ajratiladi.
Tom's father, who is 78, goes swimming every day.
The house at the end of the street, which has been empty for two years, has just been sold.
Martin, whose mother is Spanish, speaks both Spanish and English fluently.
Mr. Hogg is going to Canada, where his son has been living for five years.
My sister, whom you once met, is visiting me next week.

Qoʻshimcha ma'lumot beradigan relative clauselarda predloglar which/whom olmoshlaridan oldin qoʻllaniladi.
Mr. Lee, to whom I spoke at the meeting, is very interested in our proposal.
Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.

all of/most of etc.+ whom/which qurilmasining qoʻllanishiga e'tibor bering.
Mary has three brothers. All of them are married. (...ikkita gap)
Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married. (...bitta gap)
They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn't answer most of them. (...ikkita gap)
They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer. (... bitta gap)
Martin tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him.
Two men, neither of whom I had seen before, came into the office.
They have got three cars, two of which they rarely use.
Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with.

Shuningdek, predmetlar uchun qaratqich kelishigi qoʻshimchasini bildirish uchun the cause of which/the name of which qurilmasi qoʻllaniladi.
The building was destroyed in a fire, the cause of which was never established.
We stayed in a beautiful hotel, the name of which I can't remember now.

Avvalgi mavzularda which olmoshining biror bir gap boʻlagini izohlab kelishini koʻrib oʻtgan edik. Quyidagi qurilmada esa which olmoshi butun bir gapni oʻrnini bosib keladi.
Joe got the job. This surprised everybody. (...ikkita gap, this Joening ishga kirishi)
Joe got the job, which surprised everybody. (...bitta gap)

Yuqoridagi gapda which olmoshi Joening ishga qabul qilingani degan mazmunni ifodalab kelmoqda.
Sarah couldn't meet us, which was a pity. (...which=Saraning biz bilan uchrasholmagani)
The weather was good, which we hadn't expected. (...which=ob-havoning yaxshiligi)

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2023-06-07 11:00:00 Dars #142 Relative clause III qism

what olmoshi gapda ba'zan nima/nimaiki degan ma'noda qoʻllaniladi.
What happened was my fault. (Nimaiki sodir boʻlgan boʻlsa - mening aybim)
What caused the accident, nobody knows. (Falokatga nima sabab bo'ldi, hech kim bilmaydi)
Yuqoridagi gapni relative clause bilan ham qoʻllashimiz mumkin. Unda what o'rnida everything that qo'llash mumkin.
Everything that happened was my fault. (Sodir boʻlgan hamma narsa - mening aybim...everything what emas.)

Quyidagi gaplarga e'tibor bering:
I gave her all the money (that) I had. (...what I had emas.)
I'll do the best that I can. (...what I can emas.)
This is an awful film. It's the worst that I've ever seen. (...what I've ever seen emas.)
Tell me what you want and I'll try to help you. (...that you want emas.)
I don't agree with what you have just said. (...that you have just said emas.)

whose olmoshi relative clauseda egalik sifatlari (his/her/their/its) oʻrnida qoʻllaniladi.
We saw some people. Their car had broken down. (...ikkita gap, ikkinchi gapda their olmoshi qoʻllanilgan.)
We saw some people whose car had broken down. (...bitta gap, their olmoshi oʻrnida whose olmoshi qoʻllanilgan.)
A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. (...her husband is dead.)
What is the name of the girl whose car you borrowed? (...you borrowed her car.)

where olmoshi relative clauseda oʻrin-joyni bildiruvchi otlarni izohlab keladi.
The hotel wasn't very clean. We stayed there. (...ikkita gap, there soʻzi mehmonxonani nazarda tutyapti.)
The hotel where we stayed wasn't very clean. (...bitta gap, where we stayed gapi relative clause hisoblanadi va the hotel soʻzini izohlab kelyapti.)
I recently went back to the town where I was born.
I would like to live in a country where there is a lot of sunshine.

Paytni bildiruvchi soʻzlarni izohlash uchun relative clauseda the day/the year/the time (etc.) that/when something happened qurilmasi qoʻllaniladi.
Do you still remember the day that/when we first met?
The last time that/when I saw her, she looked very well.
I haven't seen them since the year (that)/when they got married.

Sababni bildirish uchun relative clauseda the reason why/that something happens qurilmasi qoʻllaniladi.
The reason why I am phoning you is to invite you to a party.
The reason that they haven't got a car is that they can't afford one.

Yuqoridagi gaplardan xulosa qilsak, insonlar uchun ega oʻrnida who, toʻldiruvchi oʻrnida whom, egalik sifati oʻrnida whose, narsalar uchun which, oʻrin-joy otlari uchun where olmoshlari qoʻllaniladi.

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2023-06-06 11:01:47 Dars #141 Relative clause II qism

Avvalgi darsda biz gapda egani izohlab kelgan relative clause haqida soʻz yuritgan edik. Endi gapda toʻldiruvchini izohlab kelgan relative clauselarni koʻrib chiqamiz.
The man was away on holiday. I wanted to see him. (... ikkita gap, ikkinchi gapdagi him olmoshi toʻldiruvchi)
Yuqoridagi ikkinchi gapni relative clause ga aylantiramiz va bitta gap qilib yozamiz. Toʻldiruvchi shaxs (inson) boʻlganligi uchun whom/that olmoshi qoʻllaniladi.
The man whom (that) I wanted to see was away on holiday. (whom I wanted to see gapi relative clause hisoblanadi va oʻzi izohlab kelgan boʻlak (The man) dan keyin joylashgan.)
Most of the people whom I invited to the party couldn't come. (whom I invited to the party gapi relative clause hisoblanadi va oʻzi izohlab kelgan boʻlak (most of the people) dan keyin joylashgan.)

Toʻldiruvchi predmet (jonsiz narsa) boʻlgan holatda which/that olmoshini qoʻllaymiz.
Have you found the keys? You lost them. (...ikkita gap, ikkinchi gapda them olmoshi toʻldiruvchi.)
Yuqoridagi ikkinchi gapni relative clause ga aylantiramiz va bitta gap qilib yozamiz.
Have you found the keys which(that) you lost? (which you lost gapi relative clause hisoblanadi va oʻzi izohlab kelgan boʻlak (the keys) soʻzidan keyin joylashgan)
The dress which (that) Ann bought doesn't fit her very well. (which (that) Ann bought gapi relative clause hisoblanadi va oʻzi izohlab kelgan boʻlak (the dress) soʻzidan keyin joylashgan.)

Yuqorida koʻrsatib oʻtilgan gaplarda relative clause toʻldiruvchini izohlab kelganligi tufayli whom/which/that olmoshlarini tushirib qoldirishimiz ham mumkin.
The man I wanted to see was away on holiday. (=whom (that) I wanted to see)
Most of the people I invited to the party couldn't come.(=whom I invited to the party)
Have you found the keys you lost? (=which(that) you lost?)
The dress Ann bought doesn't fit her very well. (=which (that) Ann bought)

Agar toʻldiruvchi oldida predlog boʻlsa, predlog whom/which soʻzlaridan oldin qoʻllaniladi.
The girl with whom he fell in love left him after a few weeks.
The bed in which I slept last night wasn't very comfortable.

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2023-06-05 19:01:40 Majburiy blok fanlaridan online bepul tayarlov kurslari

Imtihon yaqil lekn siz hali ham majburiy blok qismidan tayyor emasmisiz ?

Biz iqtidorli yoshlarni qo'llab quvvatlaymiz

Home Education markazi tomonidan Abituriyentlar uchun bepul DTM imthonigacha Majburiy blok online ( Ona tili, Matematika, Tarix ) darslari

Shartlar :
1. Home Education kanaliga obuna bo’lish
2. Ushbu postni 5 ta guruhga yuborish
3. Link orqali guruhga yangi a’zolar qo’shish

Mahsus guruh linki

https://t.me/+w8aURwJl-z40ZWVi

Guruhga eng ko’p a’zo qo’shgan 600 nafar ishtirokchilar g’olib deb topiladi va darslar o’tiladigan yopiq guruh linki beriladi.

G’oliblar faqat istalgan 1 ta fan doirasida darslarga qatnasha oladilar.
Admin:@httunique Ochish/sharhlash

2023-06-05 17:44:28 Hurmatli kanal a'zolari! 4 oylik Grammatika va Vocabulary kursi 1-iyundan boshlanadi. Kurs universal: unda abituriyentlar, attestatsiyaga tayyorgarlik qilayotganlar yoki CEFR va IELTSga tayyorgarlik ko'rishdan oldin o'z grammatikaga oid bilimlarini… Ochish/sharhlash