Dars #161 Gradable and non-gradable adjectives (nisbiy va nisb | Grammar Notes

Dars #161 Gradable and non-gradable adjectives (nisbiy va nisbiy bo'lmagan sifatlar)

Bugungi darsimizda ko'pchilik uchun yangi bo'lgan ma'lumotlarni bo'lishmoqchiman. Kanal a'zolaridan ba'zi sifat va ravishlarning qiyosiy va orttirma darajasi bormi, bor bo'lsa qanday shaklda bo'ladi degan savollar tushadi. Bugungi postimda mazkur savollarga javob bermoqchiman, ya'ni ingliz tilida qiyosiy va orttirma darajasi yasalmaydigan sifat va ravishlar ham borligi haqida ma'lumot bermoqchiman.

Ingliz tilida darajalanishi mumkin bo'lgan, ya'ni qiyosiy va orttirma darajasi mavjud bo'lgan sifat va ravishlar gradable (difficult, important, happy, tired), darajalana olmaydigan sifat va ravishlar non-gradable (impossible,essential, alive, exhausted, wrong) deb ataladi.

Masalan, biz ingliz tilida 'more impossible' degan iborani ishlata olmaymiz, o'zbek tilida ham 'ilojsizroq' degan sifat g'aliz eshitilsa kerak.
Non-gradable sifat va ravishlarda o'zi biror belgi to'liq mavjud bo'ladi va ularning darajasini berib bo'lmaydi. Yana bir misol alive - tirik so'zi, bu sifatdan qiyosiy daraja hosil qilib, biz 'more alive - tirikroq' deyishimiz xato bo'ladi, chunki jonzot yo o'lik yo tirik bo'lishi mumkin.

Gradable- so'zini nisbiy deb tarjima qilib, gradable adjective birikmasini nisbiy sifatlar deb berishimiz mumkin. Demak, nisbiy sifatlarni qiyosiy va orttirma darajasi mavjud bo'lishidan tashqari, ular oldidan quyidagi daraja-miqdor ravishlarini ishlatilishi mumkin.
a bit, dreadfully, extremely, hugely, immensely, intensely, rather, reasonably, slightly, very
angry, big, busy, clever, common, different, fast, friendly, happy, important, low, popular, quiet, rich, strong, weak, young
She was extremely rich.
It’s hugely popular.
The people there are reasonably friendly.
They're slightly different.

Non-gradable adjectives - y'ani nisbiy bo'lmagan sifatlar darajalana olmaydi va ularning oldidan 'very, extremely' daraja-miqdor ravishlarini ishlatilib bo'lmaydi. Vaholanki, nisbiy bo'lmagan sifatlar oldidan faqat to'liq, butunlay degan ma'nodagi absolutely, completely so'zlarini ishlatilishimiz mumkin.
absolutely, completely, entirely, perfectly, practically, simply, totally, utterly, virtually; almost, exclusively, fully, largely, mainly, nearly, primarily awful, excellent, huge, impossible, superb, terrible, unique, unknown, wrong; domestic, environmental, agricultural

Ko'pgina biror narsaning turini bildirishda ishlatiladigan sifatlar nisbiy bo'lmagan sifatlar hisoblanadi va ularning qiyosiy va orttirma darajalari mavjud emas:
atomic, chemical, digital, domestic, environmental, medical; general, occasional, northern

Ba'zi sifatlar ma'no o'zgarishiga qarab, nisbiy va nisbiy bo'lmagan sifatlarga o'zgarishi mumkin.
Smith is a very common name. (= frequently found; gradable, ko'p uchraydigan degan ma'noda)
We have a lot of common interests. (= shared; non-gradable; umumiy degan ma'noda)
The house is very old. (= existed many years; gradable eski ma'nosida)
I met my old politics professor the other day. (= former; non-gradable; avvalgi degan ma'noda)

Yuqoridagidek ishlatiladigan sifatlarga misollar:
civil, clean, critical, electric (= ‘exciting’ when gradable), empty, false, late, odd, original, particular, straight

Demak darsning oxirida Sizga mavzuni tushunganingizni aniqlash maqsadida savol beraman.
Ingliz tilida 'very impossible' deyish mumkinmi? - Ha, - Yo'q
Fikringizni izohlarda qoldiring!

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