Raymond Murphy

2022-08-06 17:48:31 Ochish/sharhlash

2022-08-06 17:48:02 Ochish/sharhlash

2022-08-06 17:47:41 Here I am uploading some useful books to improve your English Ochish/sharhlash

2022-07-11 15:13:02 "Ravishlarning turlari" (2-qism)

O‘lchov va daraja ravishlari:

much - ko‘p,
little - oz,
very - juda,
too - o‘ta,
so - shunday,
enough - yetarli,
hardly, scarcely - arang, zo‘rg‘a,
nearly, almost - deyarli, aytarli va boshqalar.

a) much ravishi ko‘p ma’nosida asosan so‘roq va bo‘lishsiz gaplarda ishlatiladi. Darak bo‘lishli gaplarda esa odatda muchning o‘rniga a lot, a great (good) deal so‘zlari keladi:

Has he read much?
U ko‘p o‘qiganmi?

He hasn’t read much.
U ko‘p o‘qimagan.

Ammo:
He has read a lot (a great deal).
U ko‘p o‘qigan.

Much ravishi darak gaplarda very, rather, too, so, as, how ravishlari bilan birgalikda kelishi mumkin:

He reads very much.
U juda ko‘p o‘qiydi.

He plays football too much.
U juda ko‘p futbol o‘ynaydi.

b) little ravishi o‘z ma‘nosida xuddi much kabi darak gaplarda very, rather, too, so, as, how ravishlari bilan birga keladi. Little yuqoridagi ravishlarsiz kelganda odatda uning o‘rniga not… much ishlatiladi:

He doesn’t read much
U kam o‘qiydi. (He reads little. emas).

She doesn’t speak much about it
(She speaks little about it deyilmaydi).

c) very - juda,
too - juda, ancha, o‘ta,
so - shunday,
how - qanday
ravishlari sifat yoki ravishni aniqlab keladi:

He is very clever.
U juda aqlli.

You are walking too fast.
Siz juda tez yurayapsiz.

He was so glad to see me.
U meni ko‘rishdan shunday xursand bo‘ldiki.

How late it is!
Qanday kech bo‘ldi! (Qanchalik kechikdik!)

Bu ravishlar o‘tgan zamondagi fe’l yoki sifatdoshni aniqlash uchun mustaqil ishlatilmaydi. Ular bilan birgalikda much ravishi ham keladi va o‘zbek tiliga tarjima qilinmaydi:

He was very much interested in what I said.
U men aytgan gapga juda qiziqib qoldi.

I was too much surprised to say anything.
Men biror narsa deyishga hayron edim.

I want to see him so much.
Men uni shunday ko‘rgim kelayapti.

You know how much I like my work.
Men ishimni qanchalik yaxshi ko‘rishimni siz bilasiz.

d) hardly, scarcely ravishlari arang, zo‘rg‘a ma’nosida ishlatiladi:

I could hardly (scarcely) understand him.
Men uni arang tushuna oldim.

Hardly va scarcely ravishlari ko‘pincha any, anybody, anything, anywhere, ever so‘zlari bilan birga keladi. Bunda ular o‘zbek tiliga bo‘lishsiz shaklda …yo‘q desa ham bo‘ladi, deyarli deb tarjima qilinadi:

There were hardly (scarcely) any people in the street.
Ko‘chada deyarli odam yo‘q edi.

There was hardly (scarcely) any water in the well.
Quduqda suv yo‘q desa ham bo‘lar edi.

I hardly (scarcely) ever see him.
Men uni deyarli ko‘rmayman.

e) nearly va almost qariyb, deyarli ravishlari darak gaplarda ishlatiladi. Nearly va almost ravishlari fe’lga aloqador bo‘lib kelganda o‘zbek tiliga sal qoldi deb ham tarjima qilinadi.

I have nearly (almost) finished my work.
Men ishimni deyarli tamomlagan edim.

I nearly (almost) made a mistake.
Men xato qilishimga sal qoldi.

I nearly (almost) fell.
Men yiqilib tushishimga sal qoldi.

Nearly va almost ravishlari bo‘lishsiz gaplarda ishlatilmaydi. Ochish/sharhlash

2022-05-25 19:14:13 "Ravishlarning turlari" (davomi)

O'tgan darsimizda ravish turlarini boshlab qo‘ygan edik, bugun shu mavzuda davom etamiz.

Payt (vaqt) ravishlari:

now - hozir, endi, 
when - –da, vaqtda, paytda,
then - so‘ngra, o‘shanda,
today - bugun,
yesterday - kecha, 
tomorrow - ertaga,
before - oldin, ilgari, 
lately - yaqinda, keyingi paytlarda,
recently - yaqinda, shu kunlarda, 
once - bir kuni, 
ever - biror vaqt, 
never - hech qachon, 
always - har  doim, doimo, 
often - tez-tez, ko‘pincha, 
seldom - kamdan-kam, 
usually - odatda,

sometimes - ba’zan, goho, 
already - allaqachon, 
yet - hali; allaqachon, 
still - hali,
since - -dan buyon va boshqalar:

Misollar:
I was very busy yesterday.
Men kecha juda band edim.

He usually goes to bed at eleven o’clock.
U odatda soat 11da uxlashga yotadi.

He left Tashkent in 1996, and I haven’t seen him since.
U 1996-yilda Toshkentdan ketgan va  men uni o‘shandan buyon ko‘rganim yo‘q.

Never ravishi bilan bo‘lishli shakldagi fe’l ishlatiladi chunki ingliz tilida bitta gapda faqat bitta inkor ishlatilishi mumkin:

I have never been there.
Men u yerda hech qachon bo‘lmaganman.

Yet ravishi so‘roq gaplarda allaqachon ma’nosida ishlatiladi. Already ravishi esa allaqachon ma’nosida so‘roq gaplardagi biror ish-harakatning bunchalik tez sodir bo‘lganligiga ajablanish, hayratlanishni ifodalaydi:

Have you finished your work yet?
Siz ishingizni allaqachon tugatdingizmi?

Have you finished already?
Siz allaqachon tugatib bo‘ldingizmi? (Qanday qilib bunchalik tez tugatdingiz?) Ochish/sharhlash

2022-05-23 19:32:10 "Adverb - Ravish"

Ravish deb ish-harakatning qanday, qayerda, qachon sodir bo‘lganini bildiruvchi so‘zlarga aytiladi.

He works hard.
U qattiq ishlaydi.

He lives here.
U shu yerda yashaydi.

I have not met him lately.
Men uni oxirgi paytlarda uchratganim yo‘q.

Ravish sifat yoki boshqa ravishlarning belgi va xossalarini ham ifodalashi mumkin:

He is a very good student.
U juda yaxshi talaba.

She translates the article quite well.
U maqolani juda yaxshi tarjima qiladi.

Gapda ravishlar hol bo‘lib keladi.


"Ravishlarning turlari"

1. O‘rin-joy ravishlari: here - shu (bu) yerda, bu yoqqa, there - u yerda, where - qayerda, qayerga, inside - ichkarida, ichkariga, outside - tashqarida, tashqariga, above - yuqorida, yuqoriga, below - pastda, pastga, quyida, somewhere, anywhere - biror joyda, biror joyga, nowhere - hech qayerda, elsewhere - boshqa biror joyda va boshqalar:

He will stay there until June.
U iyungacha o‘sha yerda bo‘ladi.

I opened the box and saw that there was nothing inside.
Men qutini ochdim va uning ichida hech narsani ko‘rmadim.

Somewhere ravishi bo‘lishli gaplarda ishlatiladi:

I left my umbrella somewhere.
Men soyabonimni allaqayerda qoldiribman.

Anywhere so‘roq va bo‘lishsiz gaplarda ishlatiladi:

Are you going anywhere tomorrow?
Ertaga biror joyga borasizmi?

I can’t find my dictionary anywhere.
Men lug‘atimni hech qayerdan topa olmayapman.

Nowhere qisqa javoblarda ishlatiladi:

Where did you go after supper? — Nowhere.
Kechki ovqatdan keyin qayerga bordingiz? — Hech qayerga.

Boshqa hollarda nowhere ravishi juda kam ishlatiladi, uning o‘rnida not … anywhere ishlatiladi.

They went nowhere after supper. = They did not go anywhere after supper.
Ular kechki ovqatdan keyin hech qayerga borishmadi. Ochish/sharhlash

2022-05-23 05:53:44 "Sifatlarning otlashishi" (2-qism)

-se, -ss qo‘shimchalari bilan tugagan sifatlar otga aylanganda birlik va ko‘plikda ishlatiladi, lekin ko‘plikda -s qo‘shimchasini olmaydi:

a Chinese – xitoylik

-sh, -ch (English, French) qo‘shimchalari bilan tugagan sifatlar otlashganda aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi va butun millatni ifodalaydi: 
the French - fransuzlar, 
the English - inglizlar, 
the Scotch - shotlandlar, 
the Dutch - gollandlar, 
the Spanish - ispanlar.

Gap millat haqida ketmasdan, alohida shaxs yoki shaxslar haqida ketganda yuqoridagi sifatlarga man, woman, men, women qoshiladi:

an Englishman - ingliz
an Englishwoman- ingliz ayoli Ochish/sharhlash